Production of Pure Vanadium: Industry Review and ...
· A review of the vanadium production processes and industry was published in 2003 [].However, much has changed in the vanadium industry due to regulations increasing the demand for highstrength steel [2,3,4], the emergence of vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) as a strong competitor in gridlevel energy storage [5,6,7], and the identifiion of vanadium as a critical material .